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The surgical management of knee injuries has increased in recent years. Postoperative magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the knee following surgical intervention serves an important role in the diagnostic evaluation of patients with recurrent or residual symptoms following surgical intervention. MR imaging additionally assists in the noninvasive documentation of temporal changes at the surgical site potentially reflective of procedural success, or failure. Background understanding of the common surgical procedures performed, their normal postoperative MR imaging appearance, and imaging features of potential procedural complications are essential in the accurate evaluation of patients following prior knee surgery. The focus of the following article is to review the clinical and MR imaging features of the postoperative knee following prior surgical treatment of ligamentous, meniscal, and articular cartilage injuries of the joint. [References: 108]

参考中文摘要：

的外科治疗膝关节损伤近年来有所增加。术后磁共振（先生）成像膝关节以下手术干预提供了重要的作用的诊断评估病人的复发或残留症状以下手术。磁共振成像此外助攻的无创性文件的时间变化的外科手术部位可能反映程序的成功，或失败。背景理解，共同完成手术，其术后磁共振成像正常外观，及影像学特征的潜在复杂的程序是至关重要的准确评价患者膝部手术之前。的重点是下面的文章是审查的临床和磁共振成像特点术后膝关节以下事先的外科治疗韧带，半月板和关节软骨损伤的关节。 [参考文献： 108 ]

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PURPOSE: To assess 3-T imaging of the knee. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed 357 3-T magnetic resonance images of the knee obtained using a dedicated knee coil. From 58 patients who had arthroscopy we determined the sensitivity and specificity for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear and medial and lateral meniscal tear. RESULTS: A chemical shift artifact showed prominently at 3 T even after improvements had been made by increasing the bandwidth. For complete ACL tear the sensitivity was 100% (95% confidence interval, CI, 75.30-100.00), and the specificity was 97.9% (95% CI 87.7-99.9). For the medial meniscus the sensitivity was 100.00% (95% CI 90.0-100.00), and the specificity was 83.3%(95% CI 66.6-95.3). For the lateral meniscus the sensitivity was 66.7% (95% CI 38.4-88.2), and the specificity was 97.6% (95% CI 87.1-99.9). CONCLUSIONS: In general 3-T imaging allows a favorable display of anatomy and pathology. The lateral meniscus was assessed to be weaker than the other anatomic structures. Three-tesla imaging allows increased signal-to-noise ratio, increased resolution, and faster scanning times.

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目的：评价3 - T的成像膝关节。材料与方法：我们回顾357 3 - T的磁共振图像膝关节获得使用专用膝关节线圈。来自58个病人谁，我们确定了关节镜检查的敏感性和特异性为前十字韧带（ ACL ）撕裂和内侧和外侧半月板撕裂。结果：化学位移伪影表现突出3 Ť即使在已取得的改进，增加带宽。如需完整的韧带撕裂的敏感性为100 ％（ 95 ％置信区间，开曼， 75.30-100.00 ），特异度为97.9 ％（ 95 ％ CI为87.7-99.9 ）。为内侧半月板的灵敏度为100.00 ％（ 95 ％ CI为90.0-100.00 ），特异度为83.3 ％（ 95 ％ CI为66.6-95.3 ）。为外侧半月板的灵敏度为66.7 ％（ 95 ％ CI为38.4-88.2 ），特异度为97.6 ％（ 95 ％ CI为87.1-99.9 ）。结论：一般3 - T的成像可以显示了良好的解剖和病理。外侧半月板被评定为弱于其他解剖结构。 3特斯拉成像可以提高信号的信噪比，提高分辨率和更快的扫描时间。

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OBJECTIVE: Edema surrounding the medial collateral ligament (MCL) is seen on MR imaging in patients with MCL injuries and in patients with radiographic osteoarthritis in the non-traumatic knee. Because we noted MCL edema in patients without prior trauma or osteoarthritis, we studied the association between intra-articular pathology and MCL edema in patients without knee trauma. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: We evaluated the MR examinations of 247 consecutive patients (121 male, 126 female with a mean age of 44 years) without recent trauma for the presence of edema surrounding the MCL, meniscal and ACL tears, medial meniscal extrusion, medial compartment chondromalacia, and osteoarthritis. The percentages of patients illustrating MCL edema with and without each type of pathology were compared using Fisher's exact test to determine if there was a statistically significant association. RESULTS: We found MCL edema in 60% of 247 patients. MCL edema was present in 67% of patients with medial meniscal tears, 35% with lateral meniscal tears, 100% with meniscal extrusion of 3 mm or more, 78% with femoral chondromalacia, 82% with tibial chondromalacia, and 50% with osteoarthritis. The percentage of patients with edema increased with the severity of the chondromalacia. These associations were all statistically significant (p <0.02). The mean age of those with MCL edema was 49.7 years compared with 34.9 years without MCL edema ( p <0.001). Patient gender and ACL tear did not correlate with MCL edema. Nine (4%) of the 247 patients had MCL edema without intra-articular pathology. None of these 9 patients had MCL tenderness or joint laxity on physical examination.CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed that MCL edema is associated with osteoarthritis, but is also associated with meniscal tears, meniscal extrusion, and chondromalacia. In addition, MCL edema can be seen in patients without intra-articular pathology, recent trauma or MCL abnormality on physical examination.

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目的：水肿周围内侧副韧带（ MCL洲立）是磁共振成像上看到患者的韧带损伤和骨关节炎患者X线的非创伤性膝关节。因为我们注意到韧带水肿患者无须事先创伤或骨关节炎，我们之间的关联研究关节内病理和韧带水肿患者膝关节创伤。设计与患者：我们评估了磁共振检查247例（ 121男， 126个女性，平均年龄为44岁）在最近的创伤是否存在水肿周围的韧带，半月板和韧带眼泪，内侧半月板挤压，内侧室软化和骨关节炎。的百分比说明韧带水肿患者和无每种类型的病理比较采用Fisher的精确检验，以确定是否有统计学协会。结果：我们发现韧带水肿60 ％的247例。韧带水肿存在于67 ％的患者内侧半月板的眼泪， 35 ％侧半月板眼泪， 100 ％，半月板挤出3毫米或以上， 78 ％与股骨软化症， 82 ％与胫骨软化症，以及50 ％的骨关节炎。百分比水肿患者的增加，严重的软化。这些协会都是统计学意义（ P “ 0.02 ）。平均年龄与韧带水肿为49.7岁，与三十四点九年未经韧带水肿（ p “ 0.001 ）。病人的性别和韧带撕裂没有相关的韧带水肿。 9 （ 4 ％）的247例，韧带水肿无关节内病理。这些9例压痛或联合韧带松弛身体examination.CONCLUSIONS ：我们确认，韧带水肿与骨性关节炎，但也与半月板眼泪，半月板挤压和软化。此外，韧带水肿中可以看出病人关节内病理，最近韧带损伤或异常的身体检查。

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OBJECTIVE: To compare the radiological findings of heterozygous and homozygous subjects with synpolydactyly (SPD) and to discuss their unusual bone formations. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: Families with hand and foot SPD were examined. Genetic analysis was performed with blood samples and the pedigree was constructed. The affected individuals, especially those with distinctive phenotypic features, were invited to our orthopaedics clinic for further diagnostic studies. All participants underwent detailed clinical and X-ray examinations. RESULTS: Of the invited patients, 16 (five female and 11 male; age range 4-37 years, mean age 10.75 years) were included in our study, and hand and foot radiographs were obtained. All subjects had bilateral hand radiographs (32 hands), and 14 had bilateral foot radiographs (28 feet). Genetic analysis revealed 12 heterozygote (75%) and four (25%) homozygote phenotypes. Among patients enrolled into the study nine (three homozygotes, six heterozygotes) had SPD of both hands and feet bilaterally (tetrasynpolydactyly). Six unusual bone formations were observed in the hands and feet: delta phalanx, delta metacarpal/metatarsal, kissing delta phalanx, true double epiphysis, pseudoepiphysis and cone-shaped epiphysis. There were major differences in radiological and clinical manifestations of homozygote and heterozygote phenotypes. The homozygous SPD presented with very distinctive unusual bone formations. CONCLUSION: The existence and variety of unusual bones may indicate the severity of penetrance and expressivity of SPD.

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目的：比较放射性结果杂合和纯合科目synpolydactyly （ SPD ）和讨论他们的不同寻常的骨形成。设计与患者：家庭与手足社民党进行了审查。进行遗传分析的血液样本和系谱建造。受影响的个人，尤其是那些具有独特的表型特征，被邀请到我们骨科诊所作进一步诊断研究。所有与会者进行了详细的临床和X光检查。结果：患者的邀请， 16日（五女，和11位男性，年龄范围4-37岁，平均年龄十点七五年）被列入我们的研究，手和脚片获得。所有科目了双边手线（ 32手），和14英尺的双边片（ 28英尺）。遗传分析表明12个杂合子（ 75 ％）和4个（ 25 ％），纯合子型。患者入读的研究9 （ 3纯合子，杂合子六）有社民党的双手和双脚双边（ tetrasynpolydactyly ）。 6个不寻常的骨形态观察的手和脚：三角洲方阵，三角洲掌骨/跖骨，亲吻三角洲方阵，真正的双骨骺， pseudoepiphysis和锥形骨骺。有重大分歧的放射性和临床表现为纯合子和杂合子型。纯合子社民党提出了非常鲜明的不同寻常的骨形成。结论：存在和各种不寻常的骨头可能表明的严重性显性和表现的社民党。

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We treated a 26-year-old man with a 19-year history of Ollier's disease. Secondary chondrosarcomas developed metachronously at four separate locations: both femora, left proximal tibia and fibular head. All four lesions were surgically excised, and each specimen was histologically identified as grade 1 or 2 chondrosarcoma. Clinical follow-up for 20 years beginning at the time of first tumor surgery has shown no evidence of local recurrence or metastasis. This is the first report of multiple bilateral metachronous malignant transformation of multiple chondromatoses in a patient with Ollier's disease.

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我们治疗的26岁男子19年的历史Ollier病。二次开发metachronously软骨肉瘤在四个不同的地方：既股骨，左胫骨近端和腓骨头。所有四个病灶切除手术，每个标本病理鉴定为1级或2软骨肉瘤。临床随访20年开始的时候，第一个肿瘤手术没有任何证据表明局部复发或转移。这是第一次报告的多双边异恶变多chondromatoses患者Ollier病。

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Though cranial hemangiomas are second only to vertebral hemangiomas in frequency, such lesions are rarely congenital and multiple. It is probable that the true incidence of congenital calvarial hemangiomas is higher than that reported in the literature, as they are unlikely to undergo imaging, most being asymptomatic and without a significant soft tissue component. We present a case of multiple congenital calvarial and skull base cavernous-type hemangiomas, diagnosed in a 4-day-old female, involving the right zygoma, maxilla, frontal and petrous temporal bones and contralateral squamous temporal bone. Surgical biopsy confirmed the radiological diagnosis as well as the concomitant multiple subcutaneous capillary-type hemangiomas which were identified clinically. No specific clinical syndrome or chromosomal abnormality was identified and the underlying cerebral parenchyma was normal with no intra-axial involvement. With conservative treatment, two lesions completely resolved and a further two lesions subsequently decreased in both size and degree of enhancement. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of multiple congenital hemangiomas involving the calvarium and skull base. Despite this, the radiological features, combined with the clinical findings of multiple capillary hemangiomas, were characteristic enough to permit an accurate preoperative diagnosis. Osseous hemangiomas should feature prominently in any differential diagnosis of multiple hypervascular lesions, as they are common, more so when limited to an anatomical region, irrespective of site or age.

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尽管血管瘤是颅内仅次于椎体血管瘤的频率，这种病变很少先天性和多重。这是可能的，真正的发病率在先天性颅骨血管瘤高于文献报道，因为他们是不可能进行成像，大多数人无症状和软组织的一个重要组成部分。我们提出一个案件多个先天性颅骨和颅底海绵型血管瘤，诊断，进行为期4天的岁女性，其中包括有权颧骨，上颌骨，额叶和颞骨岩部及对侧鳞状颞骨。手术活检证实的影像学诊断以及伴随多个皮下毛细血管型血管瘤临床上发现的。没有任何具体的临床综合征或染色体异常的发现和基本脑实质是正常的，没有脑内参与。与保守治疗，两个病灶完全解决，另两名病变后来减少面积和程度的提高。据我们所知，这是第一例，涉及多个先天性血管瘤的颅骨和颅底。尽管这样，辐射功能，结合临床表现多毛细管血管瘤，有特色，足以允许准确术前诊断。骨血管瘤应突出以任何鉴别诊断多血管病变，因为它们是共同的，更何况限于解剖区域，不论网站或年龄。

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We report a case of low-grade central osteosarcoma of the rib, mimicking fibrous dysplasia protuberans or parosteal osteosarcoma. A 13-year-old boy presented with a densely ossified exophytic tumor in the left sixth rib. The surgically resected rib revealed an ossified tumor that had developed within bone and had formed an exophytic mass. Microscopic examination revealed parosteal osteosarcoma-like low-grade central osteosarcoma. Low-grade central osteosarcomas rarely affect the rib, and exophytic tumor formation is also rare. This tumor required differentiation from fibrous dysplasia protuberans and parosteal osteosarcoma because of its clinical presentation.

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我们报告一例低品位中央骨肉瘤的肋骨，模仿纤维异常增殖症隆突或骨旁骨肉瘤。一名13岁的男孩提出一个人口稠密僵化外生肿瘤在左侧第六肋骨。手术切除肋骨的显示僵化肿瘤，制定了骨内组成了一个外生质量。显微镜检查发现骨旁骨肉瘤样低品位中央骨肉瘤。低品位中央骨肉瘤很少影响肋骨，和外生肿瘤形成也是罕见的。这种肿瘤需要分化隆突骨纤维异常增殖症和骨旁骨肉瘤由于其临床表现。

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A woman presented with premature knee osteoarthritis associated with marked femoral cartilage hypertrophy. She also exhibited phalangeal dysgenesis, suggesting this may be an unrecognised syndrome that may predispose to knee osteoarthritis.

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一个女人提出过早膝关节骨性关节炎与标示股骨软骨肥厚。她还展示指骨发育不良，这表明这可能是一个未确认综合征，可能会使对膝关节骨性关节炎。

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