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OBJECTIVE: The microscopic study of the various components of joints provide a proper basis for understanding the nature of pathologic lesions to which they are subject and their imaging appearances. This study was designed to correlate MR imaging with a systematic histological study of the normal sacroiliac joint (SIJ), which to our knowledge is not available in the literature. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: Five male cadavers, aged 20 to 45 years, and seven male and seven female volunteers, aged 23 to 44 years, were investigated with oblique transaxial and coronal MR imaging of the SIJs. A variety of sequences including pre- and post-contrast T1 fat-saturated studies in the volunteers were used. Cryosectioning was performed in six SIJs of the five cadavers and compared with the MR images for the microscopic joint anatomy and assessed for the presence of abnormalities resembling those associated with sacroiliitis. RESULTS: Throughout the SIJ, the hyaline cartilage of the sacral bone and the proximal third of the hyaline iliac cartilage was strongly attached to the surrounding stabilizing ligaments, forming wide margins of fibrocartilage. In the distal one-third of the joint only, the margins of the iliac joint facet resemble that of a synovial joint, which include an inner capsule with synovial cells. The MR anatomy of the ventral and dorsal aspects of the SIJ was only adequately visualized at oblique transaxial MR imaging. No contrast enhancement occurred in the synovial tissue or in the cartilaginous joint space. The dorsal transition between the proximal 2/3 and distal 1/3 of the cartilaginous joint was at microscopy rich in anatomical and histological variants, including osseous clefts, cartilage and subchondral defects, and vascular connective tissue in the bone marrow. These were all recognized at oblique transaxial MR imaging and in coronal MR sectioning may resemble abnormalities. Otherwise, no erosions, bone marrow abnormalities, bone sclerosis or abnormal contrast enhancement occurred in the normal joints. CONCLUSIONS: The SIJ should be classified anatomically as a symphysis with some characteristics of a synovial joint being confined to the distal cartilaginous portion at the iliac side. Coronal MR imaging does not allow assessment of normal anatomy, variants or abnormalities of the ventral and dorsal margins of the cartilaginous SIJ.

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目的：镜研究的各个组成部分的关节提供适当的基础，理解的性质，病理损害它们为主题及其影像学表现。这项研究的目的是要与相关磁共振成像系统的组织学研究的正常骶髂关节（ SIJ ），这对我们的知识是无法提供的文献。设计与患者：五年男性尸体， 20岁至45岁， 7个男性和7名女性志愿者， 23岁至44岁，进行调查和冠状斜transaxial磁共振成像的SIJs 。各种不同的序列，包括前，后的对比表＃ t1脂肪饱和研究的志愿者使用。 Cryosectioning是在6 SIJs五个标本，并与MR图像的显微解剖及联合评估是否存在异常相似那些与骶髂关节炎。结果：在整个SIJ的透明软骨的骶骨骨近端三分之一的透明髂软骨强烈重视周边稳定韧带，形成很大的纤维。远端三分之一的联合只，边缘的髂关节面相似的一名滑膜联合，其中包括内囊与滑膜细胞。磁共振解剖腹和背方面的SIJ只有充分显示在斜transaxial磁共振成像。无对比增强发生在滑膜组织或软骨联合空间。背之间的过渡近2 / 3和1 / 3的软骨联合在显微镜丰富的解剖学，组织学的变种，其中包括裂骨，软骨和软骨缺损，与血管结缔组织骨髓中。所有这些都是公认的在斜transaxial磁共振成像和磁共振在冠状切片可能类似于异常。否则，没有糜烂，骨髓异常，骨骼硬化或异常对比增强发生在正常的关节。结论： SIJ应归类解剖学作为耻骨一些特性的滑膜联合限于远端软骨部分在髂骨一侧。冠状磁共振成像不允许评估正常解剖，变异或异常的腹侧和背侧边缘软骨SIJ 。

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Musculoskeletal manifestations of lymphoma cover a broad spectrum of disease findings with varying degrees of involvement of bone and soft tissue. This pictorial essay will illustrate and review the range of manifestations of lymphoma of the musculoskeletal system. Several unique cases of soft tissue lymphoma will be included to aid with the less familiar and atypical imaging features. Knowledge of the multitude of radiographic manifestations of the disease is critical for enhanced detection, improved diagnostic accuracy and treatment planning, and avoidance of imaging pitfalls. [References: 19]

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肌肉骨骼系统的表现淋巴瘤涵盖范围广泛的疾病发现了不同程度的参与，骨与软组织。这图案征文将说明和审查范围的表现淋巴瘤的肌肉骨骼系统。一些独特例软组织淋巴瘤将列入援助与不太熟悉和不典型影像学特征。知识的多种影像学表现对该病的关键是加强检测，提高诊断的准确性和治疗规划，并避免成像陷阱。 [参考文献： 19 ]

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OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship of upper thoracic spine degenerative disc contour changes on MR imaging in patients with neck pain. The relation between upper thoracic and cervical spine degenerative disc disease is not well established. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: One hundred and fifty-six patients referred with cervical pain were studied. There were 73 women and 77 men with a mean age of 48.6 +/- 14.6 years (range, 19 to 83 years). All MR studies were performed with a large 23-cm FOV covering at least from the body of T4 to the clivus. Discs were coded as normal, protrusion/bulge or extrusion. RESULTS: Degenerative thoracic disc contour changes were observed in 13.4% of patients with cervical pain. T2-3 was the most commonly affected level of the upper thoracic spine, with 15 bulge/protrusions and one extrusion. Upper degenerative thoracic disc contour changes presented in older patients than the cervical levels (Student-Newman-Keuls test, P < 0.001). Degenerative disc contour changes at the C7-T1, T1-2, T2-3 and T3-4 levels were significantly correlated ( P = 0.001), but unrelated to any other disc disease, patient's gender or age. Degenerative cervical disc disease was closely related together ( P < 0.001), but not with any thoracic disc. CONCLUSION: A statistically significant relation was found within the upper thoracic discs, reflecting common pathoanatomical changes. The absence of relation to cervical segments is probably due to differences in their pathomechanisms.

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目的：研究关系上胸椎腰椎间盘退变轮廓变化对磁共振成像在患者颈部疼痛。之间的关系上胸椎和颈椎退化性椎间盘疾病是没有很好地建立起来。设计与患者： 106 56例颈椎疼痛提到了研究。有73名妇女和77名，平均年龄为48.6 + / - 14.6岁（范围， 19至83岁）。所有致辞的研究进行了大23厘米的视野涵盖至少从身体的甲状腺素的斜坡。光盘编码为正常，椎间盘突出/隆起或挤压。结果：退行性胸椎间盘突出轮廓的变化观察到13.4 ％的子宫颈癌患者的痛苦。的T2 - 3是最常见的影响程度上胸椎， 15隆突/突起和一个挤压。上退行性胸椎间盘突出轮廓的变化在老年患者的颈部水平比（学生检验检验， P “ 0.001 ）。腰椎间盘退变的轮廓变化的C7 -的T1 ， T1的2的T2 - 3和T3 - 4水平呈显着正相关（ P值0.001 ），但无关的任何其他椎间盘疾病，病人的性别或年龄。退变颈椎间盘疾病密切相关在一起（ P “ 0.001 ），但不与任何胸椎间盘突出。结论：有统计意义的关系，发现在上胸椎光盘，反映共同pathoanatomical变化。由于缺乏有关宫颈癌部分原因可能是不同的pathomechanisms 。

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We describe the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging appearance of the knee flexor and extensor tendons after bilateral rectus femoris transfer and hamstring lengthening surgery in five patients (10 limbs) with cerebral palsy. Three-dimensional models of the path of the transferred tendon were constructed in all cases. MR images of the transferred and lengthened tendons were examined and compared with images from ten non-surgical subjects. The models showed that the path of the transferred rectus femoris tendon had a marked angular deviation near the transfer site in all cases. MR imaging demonstrated irregular areas of low signal intensity near the transferred rectus femoris and around the hamstrings in all subjects. Eight of the ten post-surgical limbs showed evidence of fluid near or around the transferred or lengthened tendons. This was not observed in the non-surgical subjects. Thus, MR imaging of patients with cerebral palsy after rectus femoris transfer and hamstring-lengthening surgery shows evidence of signal intensity and contour changes, even several years after surgery.

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我们描述了磁共振（先生）影像学表现膝关节屈肌和伸肌肌腱股直肌后双边转让和腿筋拉长手术5例（ 10肢）脑性瘫痪。三维模型的路径转移肌腱建造于所有情况。磁共振图像的转移和延长肌腱检查，并与图像从10非手术科目。该模型表明，路径转移肌腱股直肌了明显偏向角附近的转让网站于所有情况。磁共振成像领域表现出不规则的低信号强度接近股直肌转移和周围的削弱在所有科目。其中八个术后肢体证据表明流体或周围附近的转让或延长肌腱。这是不遵守的非手术科目。因此，磁共振成像的脑性麻痹患者股直肌后，转让和腿筋延长手术的证据显示信号强度和轮廓的变化，甚至几年后手术。

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We present a 14-year-old girl with multicentric osteosarcoma who has survived for over 9 years to date. The patient first noticed right knee pain in 1992. Radiographs showed a destructive and sclerotic lesion of the right distal femur. Similar small sclerotic lesions were seen in the proximal metaphysis of the right femur, proximal site of the right humerus, and mid-posterior of the left humerus. A diagnosis of multicentric osteosarcoma was made on a biopsy of the right distal femur. The sclerotic lesions of the bilateral humeri disappeared after systemic chemotherapy (T-20), and thus wide excisions of the right distal femur and proximal femur were performed in 1993. New lesions appeared in the left iliac bone and the first lumbar vertebra on bone scintigraphy 24 months after the first surgery. Chemotherapy and wide excisions of the left iliac bone and the first lumbar vertebra were performed. The patient was well at the latest follow-up in April 2003, with no evidence of local recurrence or distant metastasis, but recently renal dysfunction appeared.

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我们提出一个14岁的女孩，谁多骨肉瘤生存了9年的日期。患者第一次发现右膝盖疼痛在1992年。 X光片显示，破坏性和硬化病变权股骨远端。类似的小型硬化病变出现在近端干骺端权股骨近端网站肱骨的权利，并中旬后左肱骨。诊断为骨肉瘤多了一个活检权股骨远端。硬化性病变的双边肱骨后失踪全身化疗（ T型20 ），因此广泛删剪的权利股骨远端和股骨近端分别于1993年。新的病变出现在左髂骨和第一腰椎的骨显像后24个月第一次手术。化疗和全切除左肠骨和第一腰椎进行。病人以及在最新的后续行动在2003年4月，没有任何证据的局部复发或远处转移，但最近出现肾功能不全。

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Osteoblastoma-like osteosarcoma is a rare variant of osteosarcoma occurring in this instance in a highly unusual location: the lateral femoral condyle of a 13-year-old girl. The radiological features were non-aggressive and, although slightly unusual, were most suggestive of chondroblastoma.

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骨母细胞瘤样骨肉瘤是一种罕见的变异骨肉瘤发生在这种情况下在一个极不寻常的位置：外侧股骨髁一个13岁的女孩。的辐射功能，非侵略性的，虽然略有不同寻常的，最有启发的软骨母细胞瘤。

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A 21-year-old man with an 18-year history of progressive, and deforming, monomelic fibrous dysplasia with massive cartilaginous differentiation (fibrocartilaginous dysplasia) is described. A review is made of all prior reported examples of this entity in the English language medical literature. The radiologic and histologic differential diagnoses are described, distinguishing the lesion from chondrosarcoma and from fibrocartilaginous mesenchymoma. [References: 60]

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一名21岁男子18年历史的进步，和变形， monomelic骨纤维异常增殖症的大规模软骨分化（ fibrocartilaginous发育不良）的说明。审查了以前的所有报告的例子，这个实体在英文医学文献。在X线和病理鉴别诊断描述，区分病变的软骨肉瘤和fibrocartilaginous间叶瘤。 [参考文献： 60 ]

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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to investigate whether virtual MR arthroscopy could be used to visualize the internal architecture of the radiocarpal compartment of the wrist joint in comparison to surgical arthroscopy. DESIGN: Diluted paramagnetic contrast material was injected into the radiocarpal compartment prior to MR examination in all patients. A fat-suppressed T1-weighted three-dimensional fast spoiled gradient echo sequence was acquired in addition to our standard MR imaging protocol in each patient. Three-dimensional data sets were then transferred to an independent workstation and were postprocessed using navigator software to generate surface rendered virtual MR arthroscopic images. PATIENTS: Nineteen patients referred for chronic ulnar-sided wrist pain were evaluated with conventional MR arthrography prospectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Virtual MR arthroscopic images demonstrating the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) in an intraarticular perspective were achieved in 12 out of 19 patients. Our preliminary investigation suggests that although it has several limitations, virtual MR arthroscopy shows promise in visualizing the TFCC from an intraarticular perspective.

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目的：本研究的目的是调查是否虚拟磁共振关节镜可用于可视化的内部结构，桡舱室的腕关节相比，关节镜手术。设计：顺磁对比剂稀释后注入桡室MR检查前所有病人。脂肪抑制T1加权三维快速扰相梯度回波序列被收购，除了我们的标准磁共振成像议定书每个病人。三维数据集，然后转移到一个独立的工作站，并postprocessed利用Navigator软件生成表面提供虚拟磁共振关节镜图像。患者： 19例慢性尺提到片面手腕疼痛评估与传统的MR关节造影前瞻性。结果与结论：关节镜虚拟磁共振图像显示了三角纤维软骨复合体（ TFCC ）在腔内的角度实现了在12个19例。我们初步的调查表明，虽然它有几个限制，虚拟磁共振关节表明承诺在可视化TFCC从内观点。

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