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AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate pelvic tilt on commonly performed measurements on radiography in primary protrusio acetabuli and developmental dysplasia of the hip. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A dry assembled pelvis and spine skeleton was positioned in an isocentric skull unit and films exposed with increasing degrees of angulation of pelvic tilt. The films were then read by two independent readers for seven different measurements used to evaluate the hips and acetabular: acetabular line to ilioischial line, teardrop appearance, intercristal/intertuberous ratio, co-ordinates of femoral head, centre edge angle, acetabular depth/width ratio and acetabular angle. RESULTS: There was so much variation in the protrusio results that no formal recommendation of any standard radiographic test can be given. Only the inter tuberous distance is not effected by pelvic tilt. The acetabular angles for developmental dysplasia of the hip showed the most potential with pelvic tilt below 15 degrees . CONCLUSION: As pelvic tilt increases, measurements used in protusio become unreliable, and computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging are probably going to be more accurate as one can directly visualise pelvic intrusion. We recommend a lateral view to assess the degree of pelvic tilt in patients with protrusion to ensure these measurements are valid.

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目的：本研究的目的是评估骨盆倾斜的常见表现摄影测量在初级protrusio acetabuli和发育性髋。材料与方法：干组装骨盆和脊柱骨骼的定位是在isocentric头骨单位和电影日益暴露程度的角度骨盆倾斜。薄膜，然后宣读了两个独立的读者使用7种不同的测量，评估髋关节和髋臼：髋臼线ilioischial线，泪滴外观， intercristal / intertuberous比率，统筹股骨头，中心边缘角，髋臼深度/宽度比和髋臼角。结果：有这么多变化protrusio的结果，没有正式的建议，任何标准的X光测试可考虑。只有结节间距离并不影响骨盆倾斜。髋臼角的发育性髋显示，最有潜力的骨盆倾斜15度以下。结论：骨盆倾斜的增加，测量用protusio变得不可靠，计算机断层扫描/磁共振成像很可能将是更准确地作为一个可以直接想象骨盆入侵。我们建议侧面评估程度的骨盆倾斜椎间盘突出患者，以确保这些测量是有效的。

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OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to identify a method of measurement for acetabulum protrusio and center edge angle (CEA) using MR imaging of the pelvis that correlated with classic methods using radiographic landmarks. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MR images and radiographs of the pelvis in 67 patients (132 hips) were used to identify reliable MR-imaging methods for measuring protrusio acetabulum and CEA that correlated strongly with established radiographic measurements. Protrusio acetabulum was determined using the radiographic criterion that the acetabular line projects medial to the ilioischial line by 3 mm or more in men and 6 mm or more in women. Pearson correlation factor was used to determine inter-observer variability and those methods that demonstrated the strongest correlation. The mean and standard deviation of MR-imaging and radiographic measurements for both the normal and protrusio hips were established. RESULTS: Several MR methods correlated strongly with radiographic measurements. The preferred method employed axial MR images at the level of the ischial spine with measurement of the distance between the medial most point of the acetabular fossa and a line perpendicular to the horizontal axis that passed through the lateral margin of the posterior inner pelvic wall. The Pearson's correlation factor between radiographic and MR measurements using this method was 0.84, and inter-observer correlation was 0.80. There were 126 hips in 63 patients (17 female and 44 male) that did not meet the radiographic criteria for protrusio acetabula. In this group of normal hips, the mean and standard deviation of radiographic measurements were 1.9 and 2.8 mm in male patients and -0.5 and 1.7 mm in female patients, and the mean and standard deviation for the preferred MR method was 1.3 and 2.5 mm in male patients and -0.8 and 1.9 mm in female patients. A total of six hips in four patients (two female and two male) met the radiographic criteria for protrusio acetabula. In this group of patients, the mean and standard deviation of radiographic measurements were -3.7 and 1 mm in male patients and -5.4 and 0.9 mm in female patients, and the mean and standard deviation for the preferred MR method was -4.1 and 0.4 mm in male patients and -6.5 and 0.3 mm in female patients. Our study also showed that the CEA was best measured using anterior to middle coronal MR images. Posterior coronal MR-imaging measurements correlated poorly with radiographic measurements. CONCLUSION: MR imaging can be used to assess acetabular morphology and measure acetabulum protrusio.

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目的：本研究确定的方法测量髋臼protrusio和中心边缘角（ CEA ）的使用磁共振成像的骨盆这与传统的方法用X线的标志。材料与方法：磁共振成像和X光片的骨盆67例（ 132髋）被用来确定可靠的磁共振成像测量方法protrusio臼和CEA的相关强烈既定射线测量。 Protrusio髋臼决心利用放射线标准髋臼内侧线项目的ilioischial线3毫米或以上的男性和6毫米或以上的妇女。 Pearson相关因素来确定的观察员变异和方法，体现了强烈的对比。均值和标准差的磁共振成像和X光测量均正常， protrusio髋成立。结果：几种方法相关议员强烈的X线测量。的首选方法雇用轴向MR图像一级的坐骨棘与测量之间的距离最内侧点的髋臼窝和线垂直于横轴穿过侧缘墙后盆腔内。的Pearson相关系数之间的X线和MR测量使用此方法是0.84 ，和跨观察员相关0.80 。有126个髋关节在63例（ 17女和44个男性）不符合标准的X光protrusio髋臼。这一组中的正常髋，平均和标准偏差为1.9射线测量和2.8毫米的男性患者及负百分之零点五和1.7毫米的女病人，平均和标准偏差为议员的首选方法， 1.3和2.5毫米男性患者及-0.8和1.9毫米的女性患者。总共有6个臀部4例（ 2名女性和2名男性）会见了X线标准protrusio髋臼。在这组病人的平均和标准偏差射线测量-3.7和1毫米的男性患者和-5.4和0.9毫米的女病人，平均和标准偏差为议员的首选方法， -4.1和0.4毫米在男性患者和-6.5和0.3毫米的女性患者。我们的研究还表明，消费电子协会是最好的衡量使用前向中东冠状MR图像。后冠状磁共振成像测量的相关性较差的影像测量。结论：磁共振成像都可以用来评估和衡量髋臼形态protrusio 。

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OBJECTIVE: Little data exists on the original morphology of acetabular dysplasia obtained from patients without radiographic advanced osteoarthritic changes. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution and degree of acetabular dysplasia in a large number of patients showing no advanced degenerative changes using three-dimensional computed tomography (3DCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty-four dysplastic hips in 55 consecutive patients were studied. All 84 hips were in pre- or early osteoarthritis without radiographic evidence of joint space narrowing, formation of osteophytes or cysts, or deformity of femoral heads. The mean age at the time of CT scan was 35 years (range 15-64 years). 3D images were reconstructed and analyzed using recent computer imaging software (INTAGE Realia and Volume Player). Deficiency types and degrees of acetabular dysplasia were precisely evaluated using these computer software. RESULTS: The average Harris hip score at CT scans was 82 points. Twenty-two hips (26%) were classified as anterior deficiency, 17 hips (20%) as posterior deficiency, and 45 hips (54%) as lateral deficiency. No significant difference was found in the Harris hip score among these groups. The analysis of various measurements indicated wide variations. There was a significant correlation between the Harris hip score and the acetabular coverage (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our results indicated wide variety of deficiency type and degree of acetabular dysplasia. Hips with greater acetabular coverage tended to have a higher Harris hip score.

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目的：小数据存在于原始形态的髋臼发育不良患者获得先进骨无放射影像的变化。本研究的目的是调查的分布情况和程度的髋臼发育不良中有大量的病人，没有先进的退行性变化的三维计算机断层扫描（ 3DCT ）。材料与方法： 84个髋关节发育不良的55例患者进行了研究。全部84髋前或明年初骨无放射影像证据联合空间缩小，形成osteophytes或囊肿，或畸形的股骨头。平均年龄在CT扫描时间为35岁（范围15-64岁）。三维图像重建，并使用最新的计算机分析成像软件（ INTAGE教具和音量播放器）。缺乏类型和程度，髋臼发育不良正是利用这些评价的计算机软件。结果：平均哈里斯髋评分在CT扫描为82分。 22个髋（ 26 ％）被列为前症， 17髋（ 20 ％），后不足， 45髋（ 54 ％）的横向缺陷。无显着性差异的哈里斯髋评分这些团体之间。分析了各种测量表明千差万别。有明显的相关关系哈里斯髋评分和髋臼覆盖率（ p “ 0.001 ）。结论：我们的结果表明各种各样的缺陷类型和程度的髋臼发育不良。髋臼覆盖面更大的往往有较高的哈里斯髋评分。

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PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the diagnostic performance of magnetic resonance (MR) obtained with intra-articular contrast medium in the evaluation of recurrent meniscal tears using low-field extremity-only and high-field whole-body magnets. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Postoperative standard MR examinations and MR arthrographies of 95 knees were reviewed. Patients experiencing pain and disability after meniscal repair underwent standard MR and MR arthrography (Gadoterate meglumine 0.0025 mmol/ml) on both a 0.2-T and 1.5-T magnet. In 52 of 95 patients, second-look arthroscopy was performed; in the remaining 43 of 95 patients, clinical follow-up was used as the standard of reference. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values as well as accuracy of MRI/MR arthrographic signs as meniscal morphologic changes and the presence of contrast medium tracking into the tear at T1- and T2-weighted sequences in the detection of recurrent meniscal tears were determined. RESULTS: All MR and MR arthrograpic signs were sensitive in the detection of recurrent tears (range 80-91%). Abnormal meniscal morphology had low specificity [26% (13/50)] for both the 0.2-T and 1.5-T scanner, whereas accuracy was 55% (52/95) and 57% (54/95), respectively. The presence of contrast medium within the meniscus substance on T2-weighted images had higher value of specificity [84% (42/50)] and accuracy [84% (80/95)] by using low field strength magnet than by using high field strength magnet [74% (37/50) and 81% (77/95), respectively]. Whereas, the increased intrameniscal signal intensity extending to the meniscal surface at T1-weighted sequences after intra-articular contrast medium administration had lower specificity and accuracy on 0.2-T images [84% (42/50) and 82% (78/95), respectively] than on 1.5-T images [90% (45/50) and 88% (84/95), respectively]. CONCLUSION: A diagnosis of recurrent meniscal tear in a previously arthroscopically repaired meniscus can be made both on 0.2-T and 1.5-T magnets on the basis of increased signal on T2-weighted and T1-weighted images in the presence of intra-articular contrast material.

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目的：本研究的目的是确定诊断的磁共振表现（先生）获得关节内对比剂在评价半月板眼泪经常使用低场肢体只和高场全身磁铁。材料与方法：手术后磁共振检查标准和MR arthrographies 95膝盖进行了审查。患者经历的痛苦和残疾半月板修复后进行标准MR和MR关节造影（ Gadoterate葡甲胺0.0025浓度/毫升）对0.2 - T和1.5 - T的磁铁。在52个95例，第二看镜进行;在其余的43人95例，临床随访作为标准的参考。敏感性，特异性，阳性和阴性预测值以及准确性的MRI /先生arthrographic迹象半月板的形态学变化和存在的造影剂跟踪到催泪在T1的和T2加权序列在检测中的经常性测定半月板的眼泪。结果：所有议员和议员arthrograpic体征敏感检测中经常流泪（范围80-91段％）。半月板形态异常低特异性[ 26 ％（五十分之一十三） ]为0.2 - T和1.5 - T的扫描仪，而准确率为55 ％（ 52/95号决议）和57 ％（ 54/95 ），分别为。在场的造影剂的半月板物质对T2加权图像有较高价值的特异性[ 84 ％（ 50分之42 ） ]和准确性[ 84 ％（九十五分之八十〇） ]用低场强磁铁比用高场强度磁铁[ 74 ％（ 37/50 ）和81 ％（ 95分之77 ），分别] 。鉴于信号强度增加intrameniscal延伸到半月板表面T1加权序列在关节内对比剂行政较低特异性和准确性上0.2 - T的图像[ 84 ％（五十零分之四十二）和82 ％（九十五分之七十八）分别]比1.5 - T的图像[ 90 ％（ 45/50 ）和88 ％（九十五分之八十四），分别] 。结论：诊断半月板撕裂，经常以前关节修复半月板，可都在0.2 - T和1.5 - T的磁铁的基础上，增加信号T2加权和T1加权图像存在关节内对比材料。

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OBJECTIVES: Knowledge of bone age in achondroplasia is required for the prediction of adult height, timings of limb lengthening, and epiphysiodesis procedures. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the differences in skeletal age in achondroplasia and a control population with the Tanner-Whitehouse 3 method using the RUS score and to determine the right age for the interventional procedure for limb lengthening procedure or deformity correction in these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Left hand radiographs of 34 patients (age range, 5-18 years) with achondroplasia were evaluated for skeletal age using the RUS scoring system, which were compared with the left hand radiographs of 41 patients (age range, 5-18 years) without achondroplasia measuring skeletal age. The difference in chronological age and RUS bone age were evaluated statistically according to gender and age group. RESULTS: In the achondroplasia group, chronological age were 10.5 +/- 4.3 years for males and 10.1 +/- 3.6 years for females and RUS bone age were 9.2 +/- 4.0 years for males and 8.9 +/- 3.4 years for females, which showed statistically significantly difference (males p = 0.0003 and females p < 0.0001), while in the control group, chronological age were 11.1 +/- 2.9 years for males and 10.7 +/- 3.4 years for females and RUS bone age were 11.2 +/- 3.4 years for males and 10.7 +/- 3.3 years for females, which did not show statistically significantly difference (males p = 0.54 and females p = 0.76). Our finding suggested a delay of 1.4 years for males and 1.2 years for females in the maturation of bone in achondroplasia patients. Difference between chronological age and RUS bone age was 0.9 +/- 1.1 for <10 years and 1.6 +/- 0.9 for >10 years in the study group, while 0.1 +/- 1.1 for <10 years and -0.2 +/- 0.6 for >10 years in the control group, which also showed >statistically significant difference (<10 years p = 0.04 and >10 years p < 0.0001). These differences indicate that there was a delay in the maturation of bones by 1 year in the group <10 years and 1.8 years in the group >10 years in achondroplasia patients compared to nonachondroplasia patients. CONCLUSION: We recommend the use of the Tanner-Whitehouse 3 method especially the radius, ulna, short bone score to measure the skeletal age and to wait for a longer time before interventional procedures in achondroplasia patients.

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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this cadaveric study was to describe the normal MR anatomy of the triceps brachii tendon (TBT) insertion, to correlate the findings with those seen in anatomic sections and histopathologic analysis, and to review triceps tendon injuries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve cadaveric elbows were used according to institution guidelines. T1-weighted spin-echo MR images were acquired in three planes. Findings on MR imaging were correlated with those derived from anatomic and histologic study. RESULTS: On MR images, the TBT had a bipartite appearance as it inserted on olecranon in all specimens. The insertion of the medial head was deeper than that of the long and lateral heads and was mainly muscular at its insertion, with a small amount of the tendon blending with the muscle distally, necessitating histologic analysis to determine if there was tendon blending with the muscle at the site of insertion and if the medial head inserted together with the common tendon or as a single unit. At histopathologic analysis, the three heads of the triceps tendon had a common insertion on the olecranon. The bipartite aspect of the tendon that was identified in the MR images was not seen by histologic study, indicating that there was a union of the medial and common tendons just before they inserted into bone. CONCLUSION: TBT has a bipartite appearance on MR images and inserts on olecranon as a single unit.

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目的：本尸研究描述正常磁共振解剖肱三头肌腱（贸易技术壁垒协定）的插入，关联的结果与那些从解剖科和病理分析，并审查肱三头肌腱损伤。材料与方法： 12个标本用肘部根据机构的指导方针。 T1加权自旋回波磁共振图像中获得3架飞机。结果磁共振成像是与那些来自解剖学和组织学研究。结果：磁共振图像，技术性贸易壁垒有偶出现，因为它插入鹰嘴在所有标本。插入的内侧头是更深比长期和横向首长和主要肌肉在其插入，内有少量混合肌腱与肌肉远端，因此有必要组织学分析，以确定是否有肌腱融合与肌肉在现场的插入，如果插入的内侧头一起共同肌腱或作为一个单一的单位。在病理组织学分析，三国元首的肱三头肌腱插入了一个共同的鹰嘴。在双边方面，肌腱这是确定的MR图像是没有见过的组织学研究表明，有一个联盟，共同肌腱内侧前他们插入骨。结论：三丁基锡化合物有偶出现的MR影像及插入的鹰嘴作为一个单一的单位。

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Benign fibrous histiocytoma is an extremely rare spinal tumor with ten reported cases in the literature. Benign fibrous histiocytoma constitutes a diagnostic challenge because it shares common clinical symptoms, radiological characteristics, and histological features with other benign lesions involving the spine. We present a case of benign fibrous histiocytoma of the lumbar spine and discuss its differential diagnosis and management.

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良性纤维组织细胞瘤是十分罕见的脊髓肿瘤10例报告文献中。良性纤维组织细胞瘤的诊断构成挑战，因为它拥有共同的临床症状，辐射的特点，组织学特征与其他良性病变涉及脊椎。我们报告的病例是良性纤维组织细胞瘤的腰椎和讨论其鉴别诊断和管理。

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OBJECTIVE: For the past 100 years, Pellegrini-Stieda disease has been described as calcification and ossification within the tibial collateral ligament, although these typical radiographic findings are often located more superior than the most proximal extent of the ligament. In this article, we demonstrate four magnetic resonance imaging cases of knee trauma with complete posterior cruciate ligament tear or avulsion, each demonstrating that injury to the medial collateral ligamentous complex can involve significant stripping of the tissue proximal to the medial epicondyle. CONCLUSION: Classic radiographic findings of Pellegrini-Stieda calcifications can be caused by stripping of the femoral periosteum proximal to the femoral attachment of the tibial collateral ligament, which appears to be associated with a complete posterior cruciate ligament injury.

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目的：在过去100年，佩莱格里尼， Stieda疾病已被描述为钙化和骨化的胫骨韧带，虽然这些典型的X线表现往往位于更优于最近端程度的韧带。在本文中，我们表现出四个磁共振成像例膝关节创伤完成后十字韧带撕裂或撕脱，每个表明，损伤的内侧韧带复合体可以涉及重大剥离的组织近端内侧髁。结论：经典影像学表现佩莱格里尼- Stieda钙化可能造成剥离骨膜股骨近端股骨胫骨附着的韧带，这似乎与一个完整的后十字韧带损伤。

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