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Part II of this comprehensive review on magnetic resonance imaging of the elbow discusses the role of magnetic resonance imaging in evaluating patients with abnormalities of the ligaments, tendons, and nerves of the elbow. Magnetic resonance imaging can yield high-quality multiplanar images which are useful in evaluating the soft tissue structures of the elbow. Magnetic resonance imaging can detect tears of the ulnar collateral ligament and lateral collateral ligament of the elbow with high sensitivity and specificity. Magnetic resonance imaging can determine the extent of tendon pathology in patients with medial epicondylitis and lateral epicondylitis. Magnetic resonance imaging can detect tears of the biceps tendon and triceps tendon and can distinguishing between partial and complete tendon rupture. Magnetic resonance imaging is also helpful in evaluating patients with nerve disorders at the elbow. [References: 132]

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第二部分全面检讨磁共振成像肘关节讨论的作用，磁共振成像技术在评价患者异常的韧带，肌腱，神经肘关节。磁共振成像能产生高品质的多平面图像这是有用的评价软组织结构的肘部。磁共振成像可以检测眼泪尺副韧带和外侧副韧带的肘部高敏感性和特异性。磁共振成像能确定的程度，肌腱病理患者内侧髁和外侧髁。磁共振成像可以检测眼泪的二头肌和肱三头肌腱肌腱和可区分局部和完整的肌腱断裂。磁共振成像，也有助于评估患者神经紊乱肘部。 [参考文献： 132 ]

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the magnetic resonance (MR) features of intramuscular myxoma (IM) compared with its pathological findings. DESIGN: Two radiologists retrospectively reviewed records and imaging studies of patients with histologically proven IM. Two radiologists also analyzed by consensus all the MR studies (pre- and post-contrast T1-weighted and T2-weighted sequences) and a pathologist reviewed the available histological material. PATIENTS: Seventeen patients with 18 histologically proven IM were reviewed. Histological samples of 11 of these 18 tumors were available for pathological analysis. RESULTS: There were 14 women and three men, with a mean age of 58.9 years. IM involved predominantly the thigh (n=10). MR imaging showed well-circumscribed intramuscular masses, hypointense on T1-weighted and hyperintense on T2-weighted images. Eleven masses were homogeneous and seven slightly heterogeneous due to fibrous septa. Enhanced MR imaging demonstrated three different patterns: peripheral enhancement (n=1), peripheral and patchy internal enhancement (n=7) or peripheral and linear internal enhancement (n=4). Intratumoral cysts were detected in four masses. MR imaging showed the presence of a pseudocapsule (n=12), fat around the lesion (n=16) and peritumoral edema (n=16). Histologically, all the tumors were hypocellular, hypovascular and myxoid. Peripheral areas of collagenous fibers formed a partial capsule and IM often merged into surrounding muscular fibers. More cellular tumors and those with scanty myxoid stroma tended to show a more prominent internal enhancement. CONCLUSION: IM shows several recognizable MR features which suggest its diagnosis. [References: 73]

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目的：评价磁共振（先生）功能肌内黏液瘤（ IM ）的比较，其病理结果。设计：回顾两个放射成像研究记录和患者的病理证实即时消息。两个放射还分析了共识所有议员研究（前，后的对比T1加权及T2加权序列）和病理组织学审查现有的材料。患者： 17例18病理证实即时消息进行了审查。组织样本11这18个可用于肿瘤病理分析。结果：有14名妇女和3名男子，平均年龄为58.9岁。即时通讯主要涉及的大腿（ 10例）。磁共振成像显示，以及限制肌肉注射群众，低的T1加权和高的T2加权图像。 11个群众均匀， 7略有异构由于纤维隔。增强MRI表现出三种不同的模式：边缘强化（ 1例），周边和内部增强片状（ 7例）或外设和线性内部增强（ 4例）。囊肿内发现了四个群众。磁共振成像显示，在场的情况下pseudocapsule （ 12例），脂肪周围病变（ n = 16 ）和周水肿（ 16例）。组织学上，所有的肿瘤hypocellular ，少血和黏液。周边地区的胶原纤维组成部分胶囊和IM往往合并成肌纤维周围。更多细胞肿瘤和那些微薄的黏液基质往往表现出更加突出的内部增强。结论：即时显示一些议员识别功能，表明其诊断。 [参考文献： 73 ]

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OBJECTIVE: To describe the CT features of an unusual type of lumbar Schmorl's node (SN) appearing as giant fatty lesion of the vertebral bodies. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: >Four patients (4 men; mean age 48.5 years) collected during a 9-month period were examined with MDCT for unremarkable lumbar symptoms; none had relevant history of specific trauma during the last years preceding the CT. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The CT findings had a similar showing: a central or para-central osteolytic lesion in contact with the upper end plate of the vertebra, occupying about two-thirds to three-quarters of the body height and being surrounded by a thin and well-delineated bony rim. There was a clear interruption of the superior vertebral end plate above the lesion and an almost normal height of the adjacent vertebral disk. The CT appearance suggested a uniform fat content which was confirmed by density measurements ranging from -20 to -30 HU. The origin remains unknown, but a parallel is drawn between giant fatty SNs and giant cystic SNs. Intravertebral disk herniation is likely to be the initial phenomenon, with a preponderant responsibility of the "secondary induced intramedullar tissular disorders" to constitute the final size of the lesion. One hypothesis could be a fracture of trabecular bone with secondary hemorrhage and cystic or fatty degeneration. Alternatively, intramedullary vascular disturbances may lead to foci of bone necrosis that heal by fibroblastic proliferation followed by mucoid or fatty degeneration. It is also possible that giant fatty SNs could represent end stage of giant cystic SNs.

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目的：描述的CT表现不寻常型腰许莫的节点（序号）中显示为巨大脂肪病变的椎体。设计与患者： “ 4例（ 4名男子，平均年龄四十八点五年）期间收集了9个月期间与多排螺旋CT检查为正常腰椎症状;没有任何相关的具体的历史的创伤，在过去几年前的CT检查。结果和结论： CT检查结果也有类似的显示：一个中央或准中央溶骨性病变的接触高端板的脊椎骨，占地约三分之二至四分之三的身高，被包围的薄和福祉划定骨环。有明显的中断优于椎体终板以上的病灶，并接近正常高度邻近椎盘。的CT表现提出了统一的脂肪含量证实了这一点密度测量范围从-20至-30胡。起源仍然不明，但平行的是巨大的不饱和脂肪酸之间的SNS和巨大囊性的SNS 。椎管内椎间盘突出症很可能是最初的现象，以优势的责任“二次诱导髓内tissular疾病”构成的最终大小的病灶。一个假设可能是骨折，骨小梁继发出血及囊性或脂肪变性。另外，髓内血管动乱可能导致的骨坏死灶的愈合后的成纤维细胞增殖的粘液或脂肪变性。也可能是巨大的不饱和脂肪酸的SNS能够代表末期巨大囊性的SNS 。

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OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical and radiological features of systemic sclerosis (SSc) joint involvement in a prospective cross-sectional study. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: Seventy-six consecutive patients with SSc divided into clinical and serological subsets were investigated. Clinical and radiological assessments of the hands and feet were carried out. Three radiological patterns of inflammatory, degenerative and fibrotic changes were predefined. The Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) disability index (DI) and individual components of the HAQ-DI were also evaluated. RESULTS: The highest impairments on the HAQ-DI (median 0.44; range 0-2.87) were detected in subdimensions such as hygiene, grip and activity components. Clinically articular involvement, arthralgia and finger contractures were seen more frequently than arthritis, and a significantly higher prevalence of finger flexion was found in patients with diffuse cutaneous SSc (P=0.03) compared with the other SSc subtypes. Radiologically, distal interphalangeal joint space narrowing and flexion deformity indicating periarticular fibrosis were frequently detected. Juxta-articular osteoporosis, joint space narrowing and flexion contractures of the fingers were seen significantly more frequently in the hands. A significantly higher frequency of fibrotic pattern were found in the hands whereas a degenerative pattern was more frequent in the feet (P<0.05). Finally, significant correlations were detected between flexion contractures and a radiological fibrotic pattern (P<0.001), and the severity scores of peripheral vascular impairment (P=0.026) and skin (P=0.007). CONCLUSION: This cross-sectional prospective study confirms that an arthropathy is common in SSc patients and shows that it is a major determinant of disability. A classification of radiological alterations into three specific patterns is proposed.

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目的：评价临床和影像学特点，系统性硬化症（硬皮病）共同参与的前瞻性横断面研究。设计与患者：有76个连续硬皮病患者分为亚临床及血清学调查。临床和影像学评估的手和脚进行。三个放射性模式炎症，变性和纤维化改变预定。健康评估问卷（哈克）残疾指数（ DI ）和个人组成部分哈克娩出也评价。结果：最高损伤的哈克-二（中位数0.44 ;范围0-2.87 ）发现subdimensions如卫生，抓地力和活动的组成部分。参与临床关节，关节痛和手指挛缩被视为多于关节炎，患病率显着手指屈伸中发现患者弥漫性皮肤硬化症（ P值0.03 ），而其他硬皮病亚型。 X线，远端指间关节间隙狭窄和屈曲畸形表明周围纤维化经常被发现。旁关节骨质疏松，关节间隙狭窄和屈曲挛缩的手指被视为明显更频繁的手中。显着较高频率的格局被发现肝纤维化的手中，而退化模式更加频繁的英尺（ P “ 0.05 ）。最后，显着的相关关系发现屈曲挛缩和放射性纤维化的模式（ P “ 0.001 ），且严重程度分数周围血管损伤（ P值0.026 ）和皮肤（ P值0.007 ）。结论：该横断面前瞻性研究证实，关节病是常见的病人和在南南合作表明，它是一个主要的决定因素的残疾。分类放射性改建为三个具体模式的建议。

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Primary leiomyosarcoma of bone is a rare malignant tumor of smooth muscle. We report a case of low-grade subperiosteal primary bone leiomyosarcoma in the tibial diaphysis, which radiologically appeared to be osteoid osteoma. A 35-year-old man presented with a several-year history of a palpable hard nodule in the distal left leg, which had enlarged and become painful over the previous 2 years. Radiographs showed solid periosteal reaction with a well-defined lytic lesion in the posteromedial cortical border of the left tibial diaphysis. Computed tomography demonstrated a small, well-defined lytic lesion, not calcified, in a subperiosteal location, surrounded by solid periosteal bone formation. The lesion was excised en bloc and the histological diagnosis of a low-grade leiomyosarcoma was made. To the best of our knowledge, the surface location of primary bone leiomyosarcoma has not been previously described in the literature.

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骨原发性平滑肌肉瘤是一种罕见的恶性肿瘤平滑肌。我们报告一例低品位骨膜原发性骨平滑肌肉瘤胫骨干，其中X线似乎是骨样骨瘤。一位35岁的男子提出一个数年的历史了明显硬结节远端左腿，这扩大，并成为痛苦的过去2年。 X光片显示骨膜反应与固体明确界定裂解病变posteromedial皮质边界左胫骨骨干。计算机断层扫描显示出一个小，明确界定溶解病变，而不是钙化，在骨膜下的位置，周围有坚实的骨膜骨形成。病变整块切除和病理诊断的低品位平滑肌肉瘤了。尽我们所知，表面位置原发性骨平滑肌肉瘤没有先前所描述的文献。

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Werner syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by clinical signs of premature aging, short stature, scleroderma-like skin changes, endocrine abnormalities, cataracts, and an increased incidence of malignancies. We report on a 48-year-old woman with Werner syndrome associated with intracranial meningiomas who had extensive musculoskeletal manifestations including osteoporosis of the extremities, extensive tendinopathy about the ankles, osteomyelitis of the phalanges of the first left toe, abundant soft-tissue calcification, and two dense ossified soft-tissue masses, with cortical bone and trabeculae arising from the posterosuperior aspect of the calcanei and extending into Kager fat pads. A review of previous descriptions of the radiological abnormalities of Werner syndrome indicates that the presence of soft-tissue calcifications has either not been noted or been mentioned only briefly. Moreover, there is no mention of bony masses associated with Werner syndrome in the world literature, and this would appear to be the first report of this kind. [References: 16]

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Werner综合症是一种罕见的常染色体隐性遗传疾病的临床特点是过早衰老的迹象，矮身材，硬皮病样皮肤改变，内分泌异常，白内障，以及恶性肿瘤的发病率增加。我们报告一个48岁女子与沃纳综合征与颅内脑膜瘤谁进行了广泛的肌肉骨骼表现包括骨质疏松症的四肢，广泛的脚踝肌腱，骨髓炎指骨第一左脚趾，丰富的软组织钙化，和两个密集的僵化软组织群众，与皮质骨和骨小梁产生后上方方面calcanei和延伸到Kager脂肪垫。回顾以往的描述，放射性异常的沃纳综合症的存在表明，软组织钙化或者没有注意到或只简单地提到。此外，也没有提到骨群众与沃纳综合征在世界文学，这似乎是第一次报告的这一类。 [参考文献： 16 ]

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We present two cases of peripheral nerve schwannoma which showed an increased accumulation of 2-deoxy-[(18)F] fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) in the tumors on positron emission tomography (PET) imaging acquired at both 1 h (early phase) and 2 h (delayed phase) after FDG injection. FDG-PET scans were performed with a dedicated PET scanner (HeadtomeV/ SET2400 W, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) and the PET data analyzed the most metabolically active region of interest (ROI). We set the maximum standardized uptake value (SUV max) with a cut-off point of 3.0 to distinguish benign and malignant lesions. Although the mechanism responsible for the increased FDG uptake in benign schwannomas remains unknown, we discuss our findings in the context of tumor cellularity and briefly review other studies on the subject.

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我们提出两例周围神经鞘瘤显示增加积累的2 -脱氧- [ （ 18 ）架F ]氟- D -葡萄糖（葡萄糖）在肿瘤的正电子发射断层扫描技术（ PET ）成像后天在1小时（早阶段）和2 h （延迟相）后，葡萄糖注射液。葡萄糖- PET扫描进行了专用聚酯扫描器（ HeadtomeV / SET2400钨岛津，日本京都）和数据分析的PET代谢最活跃的感兴趣区域（ ROI ）。我们设定的最高标准摄取值（ SUV最大值）的切点的3.0区分良，恶性病变。虽然负责该机制的增加FDG摄取良性神经鞘瘤仍不得而知，我们讨论我们的调查结果在肿瘤细胞和其他研究报告简要回顾关于这一问题的。

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We present a case of primary Nocardia osteomyelitis in the setting of HIV infection. The clinical and radiographic manifestations of musculoskeletal nocardiosis are nonspecific and resemble those of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. To our knowledge no other cases of Nocardia osteomyelitis have been reported in the radiology literature.

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本病例的小学诺卡氏菌骨髓炎确定感染艾滋病毒。临床和影像学表现肌肉骨骼奴卡氏菌感染的非特异性和类似于结核分枝杆菌感染。就我们所知，没有其他案件的诺卡氏菌骨髓炎在已报告的放射文献。

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